Assessing impacts of partial mass depletion in DNAPL source zones: II. Coupling source strength functions to plume evolution

Analytical solutions, describing the time-dependent DNAPL source-zone mass and contaminant discharge rate, derived previously in Part I [Falta, R.W., Rao, P.S., Basu, N., this issue. Assessing the impacts of partial mass depletion in DNAPL source zones: I. Analytical modeling of source strength functions and plume response. J. Contam. Hydrol.] are used as a flux-boundary condition in a semi-analytical contaminant transport model. These analytical solutions assume a power relationship between the flow-averaged source concentration, and the source DNAPL mass; the empirical exponent (gamma) is a function of the flow field heterogeneity, DNAPL architecture, and the correlation between them. The DNAPL source strength terms can account for partial source remediation, either at time zero, or at some later time after the DNAPL release. The transport model considers advection, retardation, three-dimensional dispersion, and sequential first-order decay/production of several species. A separate solution is used to compute the time-dependent mass of each contaminant in the plume. A series of examples using different values of gamma shows how the benefits of partial DNAPL source remediation can vary with site conditions. In general, when gamma>1, relatively large short-term reductions in the plume concentrations and mass occur, but the source longevity is not strongly affected. Conversely, when gamma<1, the short-term reductions in the plume concentrations and mass are smaller, but the source longevity can be greatly reduced. In either case, the source remediation effort is much more effective if it is undertaken at an early time, before much contaminant mass has entered the plume. If the remediation effort is significantly delayed, the leading parts of the plume are not affected by the source remediation, and additional control or remediation of the plume itself is required.     

A stochastic-advective transport model for NAPL dissolution and degradation in non-uniform flows in porous media

Remediation schemes for contaminated sites are often evaluated to assess their potential for source zone reduction of mass, or treatment of the contaminant between the source and a control plane (CP) to achieve regulatory limits. In this study, we utilize a stochastic stream tube model to explain the behavior of breakthrough curves (BTCs) across a CP. At the local scale, mass dissolution at the source is combined with an advection model with first-order decay for the dissolved plume. Field-scale averaging is then employed to account for spatial variation in mass within the source zone, and variation in the velocity field. Under the assumption of instantaneous mass transfer from the source to the moving liquid, semi-analytical expressions for the BTC and temporal moments are developed, followed by derivation of expressions for effective velocity, dispersion, and degradation coefficients using the method of moments. It is found that degradation strongly influences the behavior of moments and the effective parameters. While increased heterogeneity in the velocity field results in increased dispersion, degradation causes the center of mass of the plume to shift to earlier times, and reduces the dispersion of the BTC by lowering the concentrations in the tail. Modified definitions of effective parameters are presented for degrading solutes to account for the normalization constant (zeroth moment) that keeps changing with time or distance to the CP. It is shown that anomalous dispersion can result for high degradation rates combined with wide variation in velocity fluctuations. Implications of model results on estimating cleanup times and fulfillment of regulatory limits are discussed. Relating mass removal at the source to flux reductions past a control plane is confounded by many factors. Increased heterogeneity in velocity fields causes mass fluxes past a control plane to persist, however, aggressive remediation between the source and CP can reduce these fluxes.     

应用重组孕激素基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法

研究了用重组孕激素受体基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法,并利用该种方法检测了南方某水厂不同处理工艺过程水样对孕激素受体活性的抑制水平.结果表明,重组孕激素受体基因酵母能够与孕激素专一性的结合,诱导产生明显的剂量-效应关系,EC₅₀值为0.5 nmol/L,具有较高灵敏度;环境内分泌干扰物五氯酚和壬基酚具有孕激素受体抑制活性,其IC₅₀值分别为2.4μmol/L和3.7μmol/L;重组孕激素受体基因/报道基因的酵母技术是一种筛选和定量分析具有孕激素受体抑制活性的内分泌干扰物的快速、有效方法.结合固相萃取的前处理技术,重组孕激素受体基因酵母对水厂不同处理工艺水样检测出明显的孕激素受体抑制活性,抑制率均大于58%,表明重组孕激素受体基因酵母检测技术能够快速监测和鉴别水样中具有抑制孕激素受体活性的物质.     

Selective removal of common cyanotoxins: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The development of cyanobacterial blooms can have adverse effects on water bodies and may produce cyanotoxins. Several physical and chemical methods...     

Soil surface Hg emission flux in coalfield in Wuda,Inner Mongolia,China

Hg emission flux from various land covers, such as forests, wetlands, and urban areas, have been investigated. China has the largest area of coalfield in the world, but data of Hg flux of coalfields, especially, those with coal fires, are seriously limited. In this study, Hg fluxes of a coalfield were measured using the dynamic flux chamber (DFC) method, coupled with a Lumex multifunctional Hg analyzer RA-915+ (Lumex Ltd., Russia). The results show that the Hg flux in Wuda coalfield ranged from 4 to 318 ng m^?2 h^?1, and the average value for different areas varied, e.g., coal-fire area 99 and 177 ng m^?2 h^?1; no coal-fire area 19 and 32 ng m^?2 h^?1; and backfilling area 53 ng m^?2 h^?1. Hg continued to be emitted from an underground coal seam, even if there were no phenomena, such as vents, cracks, and smog, of coal fire on the soil surface. This phenomenon occurred in all area types, i.e., coal-fire area, no coal-fire area, and backfilling area, which is universal in Wuda coalfield. Considering that many coalfields in northern China are similar to Wuda coalfield, they may be large sources of atmospheric Hg. The correlations of Hg emission flux with influence factors, such as sunlight intensity, soil surface temperature, and atmospheric Hg content, were also investigated for Wuda coalfield.

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Magnetic nanoparticles incorporation into different substrates for dyes and heavy metals removal—A Review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Substantial discharge of hazardous substances, especially dyes and heavy metal ions to the environment, has become a global&nbsp;concern due to...     

印染RO浓水深度处理及回用

采用Fenton-石灰苏打法耦合工艺对某印染厂印染反渗透(RO)浓水进行深度处理。通过实验研究了不同H2O2和Fe2+投加量、p H和反应时间对废水COD去除率的影响,以及不同石灰和碳酸钠投加量对废水硬度的脱除效果,出水回用于染色工段进行染色实验。结果表明,在p H=3.0,Fe2+投加量为1.5 mmol/L,H2O2投加量为3.75 mmol/L,反应时间为45 min,石灰和碳酸钠投加量分别为450 mg/L和1 000 mg/L的条件下,出水COD和硬度的去除率可分别达到73.9%和85.0%,耦合工艺出水水质符合该厂回用染色水标准,且减少了盐的使用,可实现印染RO浓水回用。     

羟基磷灰石的制备及其对水中氟离子的吸附

本研究利用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD)观察了共沉淀法合成羟基磷灰石(HAP)的形貌及其晶型结构,并探讨了Ca/P摩尔比、反应时间及反应温度等因素对羟基磷灰石吸附水中氟离子性能的影响。结果表明,n(Ca/P)=1.5/1、反应时间1 h、反应温度40℃、陈化时间48 h、煅烧温度200℃、煅烧时间2 h时,HAP除氟效果最佳,吸附效率和吸附容量分别达到68.8%和6.88 mg/g。实验数据Langmuir等温模式拟合效果优于Freundlich模式,热力学参数计算可知,HAP对氟离子的吸附是自发(ΔG00),吸热(ΔH00),熵增(ΔS00)的过程。HAP对氟离子的吸附符合拟二级反应动力学过程。